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CHEM0067 page 1 of 5
Candidates should attempt ALL questions.
You must use a word processor for this assignment, using the settings below. Hand-written
submissions will not be accepted. Figures may be hand drawn and scanned and added within
your typed submission
A4 paper
Minimum margins 1.25 cm (0.5 inch)
Minimum font size: 11 pt
1.5 spaced
Please start each answer on a new sheet.
Answers to all three questions should be attached to the cover sheet available from the Moodle
site for CHEM0067, then submitted as a single file via Moodle.
Note that there is a 1100 word limit for each of the three questions 1, 2 and 3. This is an
upper limit and not a target, and full marks could be gained for answers shorter than this.
Sub questions may also have word limits which are a part of the 1100 word limit per
question.
Candidates should attempt ALL questions. Each question is marked out of 45 and the numbers in square
brackets in the right-hand margin indicate the provisional allocation of marks to the sub-sections of a
question. No additional research is required or expected beyond the material you have been provided
with during the module and the appendices that form part of this assessment. You should not need to
consider any supplementary information referred to in the research papers. No references are required,
but all answers should be phrased in your own words. Excessive and direct copying of text from the
research papers or other sources will be treated as plagiarism. Your work must be submitted as a single
document on Moodle (consisting of all three reports).
1. Answer ALL parts. 1100 word limit.
(a) (i) Why does the petrochemical industry have a low E-factor and the pharmaceutical
industry doesn’t [2]
(ii) Calculate the E-factor for the reaction below in which carbon dioxide is the
product and water is considered a byproduct in this case.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
[Note: Atomic mass of C=12, H =1, O =16] [3]
(iii) What is a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Using a diagram, discuss the various
stages of an LCA for a mobile phone. [6]
(b) (i) What parts of the atmosphere and clouds protect life from harmful radiation and
how does this reduce the achievable output from solar cells [4]
(ii) How can geothermal power generate electricity [2]
(iii) Other than its abundance and renewable properties, outline 5 major advantages
and disadvantages of wind or solar power generation. [5]
(iv) What is a smart grid and how would it help cope with daily peak power and
demand periods [5]
(c) (i) Describe how both Perovskite and dye sensitized solar cells work. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of each type of cell in terms of relative cost,
sustainability, options for end of life, typical efficiencies and prospects for
commercial development [14]
(ii) Describe the conditions required to obtain the open circuit voltage and short
circuit current in a solar cell under illumination. [2]
(iii) Describe how the maximum power of a solar cell can be calculated when under
illumination. [2]
2. Answer ALL parts. 1100 word limit.
(a) (i) Describe the structure of the electrical double layer of a negatively charged
silica nanoparticle and how it contributes to colloidal stability. Include
diagrams in your answer. [5]
(ii) Describe what would happen to the electrical double layer when the pH of a
colloidal system containing silica nanoparticles is made acidic. In your answer,
you should comment on the impact on colloidal stability. [2]
(b) Describe the colloidal behaviour of a system containing colloidal particles which possess
each of the following potential energy-distance plots. Justify why this behaviour occurs.
[6]
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c) Compare and contrast the characterization techniques of Dynamic Light Scattering and
Transmission Electron Microscopy in terms of how the techniques provide information
about particle size. In your answer, comment on any colloidal particle parameters or
characteristics that may affect the accuracy of the measurements. [5]
(d) Describe how microemulsions can be used to produce colloidal particles. In your answer,
include descriptions and diagrams of the different possible structures of microemulsions.
Consider how such systems can be used to control the resulting particle properties.
Describe how resulting particle size or structure could change if the reaction time was
significantly extended, commenting on possible particle growth mechanisms. [7]
(e) Are biodegradable polymers really a viable environmentally friendly alternative, or are
consumers being deceived In your answer give examples of biodegradable polymers
and reference any appropriate research. [10]
(f) What potential effect could a polypropylene bottle have on marine organisms In your
answer you should discuss the possible journey to the marine environment and the fate
of plastics in the marine environment. [10]
3. Answer ALL parts. 1100 word limit.
The two research papers, appendices A and B, describe materials that have potential applications
in carbon dioxide capture. These are metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) built from different
forms of cyclodextrin (CD), which is a “bowl-shaped” oligosaccharide molecule, together with
coordinating metal cations. In appendix paper A (J. Gassensmith et al.) The CO2 uptake
performance of CD-MOF-2 is described. In appendix paper B, L. Xu et al., report on the
materials β-CD-MOF and NH2-β-CD-MOF and their CO2 sorption properties.
(a) (i) Explain the distinction between chemisorption and physisorption. What types of
intermolecular interaction are involved in the two phenomena [6]
(ii) In paper A the authors claim that the adsorption isotherms of CD-MOF-2 (fig. 2
in paper A) show evidence for both physisorption and chemisorption. Explain
why this might be deduced from the shapes of the adsorption isotherms, and also
why the CH4 isotherm is different to those for CO2. [5]
(iii) Describe the main structural and chemical features of the CD-MOF-2 materials
which contribute to their carbon capture abilities. [4]
(b) (i) Describe the concept of ligand functionalization as a strategy for enhancing CO2
sorption in a porous material. Why are amino-functionalised materials frequently
investigated [5]
(ii) In appendix paper B, the amino-functionalized material NH2-β-CD-MOF is
compared to the parent β-CD-MOF. List the advantages that NH2-β-CD-MOF
has over the parent material. What do you think is the most significant
improvement, and why [5]
(iii) Looking at the CO2 isotherms presented in paper B (figure 6), explain one
possible disadvantage of NH2-β-CD-MOF as a reusable CO2 adsorbent. How do
the authors overcome this disadvantage Comment on whether this would be
feasible in an industrial application. [5]
(c) Discuss whether further research into cyclodextrin-based MOF adsorbents would be a
worthwhile use of public funding.
You may wish to distinguish between the materials in papers A and B, to compare with
at least one other adsorbent material discussed during the course, and to consider some
of the following questions in your answer:
How effective and resilient are these materials compared to other CO2 capture
materials
Are there other environmental, or “green” benefits in using these materials
Are there clear strategies which could be developed and refined by further
research
Are there more promising avenues of research that could be followed instead
[15]
END OF PAPER